The Theory of Evolution<br /><br />The theory of evolution is founded on the fact certain traits are transmitted more frequently than others. These traits make it easier to survive and reproduce for individuals, and their numbers tend to increase over time.<br /><br />Scientists understand now how this process functions. A study of the clawed-frog revealed that duplicate genes could serve different purposes.<br /><br />Evolution is an inevitable process<br /><br />The natural process that results in the evolution of organisms most adjusted to their environment is known as "natural selection." It is one of the primary mechanisms of evolution, alongside mutation and migration, as well as genetic drift. People with traits that facilitate survival and reproduction will be more likely to pass the traits to their offspring. This leads to gradual changes in frequency of genes as time passes. This leads to new species being born and existing ones being altered.<br /><br />In the 19th century, Charles Darwin formulated a scientific theory that explained how living organisms developed over time. The theory is based on the notion that more offspring are created than can survive and that the offspring compete for resources in their physical surroundings. This leads to a "struggle for survival" where those who have the most advantageous traits prevail, and others are eliminated. The offspring that survive carry these traits to their children. This gives them an advantage over the other species. Over time, the population of organisms possessing these beneficial traits grows.<br /><br />However, it is difficult to comprehend the mechanism by which natural selection can produce new characteristics if its main purpose is to eliminate inequities individuals. Additionally, the majority of types of natural selection eliminate genetic variation within populations. Therefore, it is unlikely that natural selection can result in the development of new traits unless other forces are involved.<br /><br />Mutation, drift genetic and migration are three major evolutionary forces which change gene frequencies. These processes are accelerated by sexual reproduction and the fact that each parent passes on half of its genes to each offspring. These genes, also known as alleles, may be present at different frequency between individuals belonging to the same species. The allele frequencies that result determine whether the trait will be dominant or recessive.<br /><br />A mutation is merely a change to the DNA code of an organism. The change causes some cells to develop, grow and evolve into a distinct entity while others do not. Mutations can also increase the frequency of existing alleles or create new alleles. The new alleles can then be passed on to the next generations, and eventually become the dominant phenotype.<br /><br />Evolution is based on natural selection<br /><br />Natural selection is a straightforward mechanism that causes living things to change over time. It involves the interaction between heritable phenotypic variation and differential reproduction. These factors create a situation where individuals with positive characteristics are more likely survive and reproduce more than those who don't. In time, this process leads to changes in the gene pool, thereby making it more closely matched to the environment in which they live. This is the basic concept behind Darwin's "survival of the strongest."<br /><br />This is based on the assumption that different traits allow individuals to adapt to their environment. Individuals who have adaptive traits are more likely to live and reproduce, and consequently produce many offspring. BioMed Central states that this will eventually cause the trait to spread throughout the population. The trait will eventually be found in all members of a population, and the population's composition will change. This is referred to as evolution.<br /><br />People who have less adaptive traits will die or will not be able to produce offspring and their genes will not be passed on to future generations. In time, genetically modified organisms will rule the population and evolve into new species. However, this is not a guaranteed process. The environment can change abruptly which causes the adaptations to become obsolete.<br /><br />Sexual selection is another aspect that influences the evolution. Certain traits are more desirable because they increase the odds of a person mating an individual. This may result in odd phenotypes like brightly-colored plumage on birds or huge antlers on deer. These phenotypes aren't beneficial to the organism, but they can boost the chances of survival and reproduction.<br /><br />Many students are also confused about natural evolution because they confuse it with "soft inheritance". Soft inheritance isn't necessary for evolution, but it is often an important component. This is because soft inheritance allows for random modification of DNA, as well as the creation new genetic variants that aren't immediately beneficial to the organism. These mutations are later utilized as raw materials by natural selection.<br /><br /><br /><br />Genetics is the basis of evolution.<br /><br />Evolution is the natural process in which the traits of a species change over time. It is influenced by a number factors, such as mutation or gene flow, as well as horizontal gene transfer. Evolution is also influenced by the relative frequencies of alleles within a population's gene pool. This allows the selection of traits that are beneficial in the new environment. The theory of evolution is a fundamental concept in biology with profound implications for our understanding of life.<br /><br />Darwin's ideas, along with Linnaeus concepts of relatedness and Lamarck theories of inheritance, revolutionized how traits are passed on from parent to child. Instead of parents passing on their inherited characteristics through use or disuse, Darwin argued that they were favored or disfavored by the environment in which they lived and passed on this knowledge to their offspring. He called this natural selection, and in his book The Origin of Species he explained how this could lead to the creation of new varieties of species.<br /><br />Random genetic modifications, or mutations, occur in the DNA of cells. These mutations can result in many phenotypic traits such as hair color to eye color, and are influenced by a myriad of environmental variables. Some phenotypic characteristics are controlled by multiple genes, and others have multiple alleles. For instance blood type (A B or O) has three alleles. The combination of the Darwinian ideas about evolution with Mendel's theories of genetics is known as the Modern Synthesis, and it is the framework that brings together macroevolutionary changes in fossil records with microevolutionary processes like genetic mutation and trait selection.<br /><br />Macroevolution is a process that takes a long time and is only visible in fossil records. Microevolution is, on the other hand, is a process that occurs much faster and is visible in living organisms. Microevolution is triggered by genetic mutation and selection, which act on a smaller scale than macroevolution. It can be enhanced by other mechanisms, like gene flow and horizontal gene transfer.<br /><br />Evolution is based on chance<br /><br />The fact that evolution happens through chance is a claim that has long been used by anti-evolutionists. But this argument is flawed, and it is important to know the reason. For instance, the argument confuses randomness with contingency. This error originates from a misreading the nature of biological contingency as described by Stephen Jay Gould. He believed that genetic information does not develop randomly, but is dependent on previous events. He relied on the fact that DNA is an exact copy of genes, which depend on other molecules. In other words, there is a causal structure behind all biological processes.<br /><br />The argument is flawed further because it is based on principles and practices of science. These assertions aren't just not logically logical and untrue, but also false. The practice of science also supposes that causal determinism not enough to be able to accurately predict all natural events.<br /><br />In his book, Brendan Sweetman aims to provide a balanced, generally accessible introduction to the relationship between evolutionary theory and Christian theism. He is not a flashy author, but rather a patient one, which suits his goals that include separating the scientific status and implications for religion from evolutionary theory.<br /><br />While the book isn't as thorough as it could be, it still provides a useful overview of the issues in this debate. It also clarifies that evolutionary theory is a well-confirmed scientific theory, widely accepted by experts in the field and worthy of a rational assent. 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