Evolution Korea<br /><br />The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.<br /><br />The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend forming.<br /><br />Origins<br /><br />In prehistoric times, the ancestors to today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.<br /><br />In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and other senior officials were from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to fight in the army or participate in projects for the government like building fortifications.<br /><br />Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all, including their children and grandchildren.<br /><br />Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when it pronounces. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.<br /><br />The evolution of Korea<br /><br />The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country.<br /><br />Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state.<br /><br /><br /><br />Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a short period of time.<br /><br />The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.<br /><br />As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss.<br /><br />The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas evolution towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development that include illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also highlights key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.<br /><br />Creationism in Korea<br /><br />In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not know what it meant. The level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.<br /><br />In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. <a href="https://evolutionkr.kr/">무료에볼루션</a> and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.<br /><br />The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.<br /><br />KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.<br /><br />A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.<br /><br />In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.<br /><br />Evolution in South Korea<br /><br />In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In the period of this transition the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other instruments.<br /><br />The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.<br /><br />Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.<br /><br />The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.<br /><br />His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.<br /><br />