What is Free Evolution?<br /><br />Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.<br /><br />A variety of examples have been provided of this, such as different varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can be found in salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to specific host plants. These reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.<br /><br />Evolution through Natural Selection<br /><br />Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the best-established explanation. This is because people who are more well-adapted are able to reproduce faster and longer than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually creates a new species.<br /><br />Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring, which includes both dominant and recessive alleles. Reproduction is the generation of fertile, viable offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.<br /><br />Natural selection only occurs when all the factors are in harmony. If, for example, a dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive allele The dominant allele becomes more prevalent in a population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism that has an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce the more fit it is, which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive. Individuals with favorable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes and bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to be able to survive and create offspring, so they will make up the majority of the population in the future.<br /><br />Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory which holds that animals acquire traits either through usage or inaction. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by reaching out to catch prey and its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The difference in neck length between generations will continue until the neck of the giraffe becomes so long that it can no longer breed with other giraffes.<br /><br />Evolution by Genetic Drift<br /><br />In genetic drift, alleles of a gene could attain different frequencies in a population by chance events. In the end, one will reach fixation (become so common that it can no longer be eliminated through natural selection), while other alleles will fall to lower frequency. In extreme cases this, it leads to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to zero. In a small population this could result in the total elimination of recessive alleles. This is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of evolutionary process that takes place when a large amount of individuals migrate to form a new group.<br /><br />A phenotypic bottleneck could occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a mass hunt, are confined into a small area. The surviving individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all have the same phenotype and will thus share the same fitness characteristics. This situation might be caused by a conflict, earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains, could be susceptible to genetic drift.<br /><br />Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce.<br /><br />This kind of drift could play a very important role in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only way to develop. The main alternative is to use a process known as natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.<br /><br />Stephens asserts that there is a major difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal-process model of drift allows us to separate it from other forces and this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift has a direction: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a specific magnitude that is determined by the size of population.<br /><br />Evolution by Lamarckism<br /><br />In high school, students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as “Lamarckism” is based on the idea that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms by taking on traits that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with a picture of a giraffe that extends its neck longer to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.<br /><br /><br /><br />Lamarck Lamarck, a French zoologist, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the previous thinking on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate materials through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis.<br /><br />The prevailing story is that Lamarckism became a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection and both theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won, leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental factors, including Natural Selection.<br /><br />Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the idea that acquired characters could be passed down to the next generation. However, this concept was never a central part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically validated.<br /><br />But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics, there is a large body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular Neo-Darwinian model.<br /><br />Evolution through adaptation<br /><br />One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. <a href="https://beaverbone10.werite.net/five-laws-that-will-aid-those-in-evolution-korea-industry">에볼루션 바카라</a> is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be more precisely described as a fight to survive in a specific environment, which may be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment itself.<br /><br />To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce within its environment. It can be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavior, such as moving to the shade during the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.<br /><br />The ability of an organism to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to generate offspring, and must be able to access enough food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be able to reproduce itself in a way that is optimally within its environmental niche.<br /><br />These factors, together with mutation and gene flow result in an alteration in the percentage of alleles (different types of a gene) in a population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can result in the development of new traits and eventually new species.<br /><br />A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers for insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral traits.<br /><br />Physiological adaptations, like thick fur or gills, are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to search for companions or to retreat to the shade during hot weather, aren't. Furthermore, it is important to remember that lack of planning is not a reason to make something an adaptation. A failure to consider the implications of a choice even if it appears to be logical, can make it inflexible.<br /><br />