What is Free Evolution?<br /><br /><br /><br />Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the evolution of new species and change in appearance of existing ones.<br /><br />Numerous examples have been offered of this, including different varieties of stickleback fish that can live in either salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that favor specific host plants. These typically reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in the body's basic plans.<br /><br />Evolution through Natural Selection<br /><br />Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that live on our planet for many centuries. The best-established explanation is Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a population of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually forms a whole new species.<br /><br />Natural selection is a cyclical process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic traits to their offspring that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the production of fertile, viable offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.<br /><br />Natural selection is only possible when all the factors are in equilibrium. For example when a dominant allele at a gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more prominent in the population. However, if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that a species with a beneficial trait is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with a maladaptive trait. The more fit an organism is, measured by its ability reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it produces. People with good traits, such as longer necks in giraffes or bright white colors in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, so they will become the majority of the population in the future.<br /><br />Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire characteristics by use or inactivity. For instance, if a giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach prey and its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The difference in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes.<br /><br />Evolution by Genetic Drift<br /><br />Genetic drift occurs when alleles from the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection), and the rest of the alleles will diminish in frequency. This can lead to a dominant allele at the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination the recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs when the number of individuals migrate to form a population.<br /><br />A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunt event are confined to the same area. The survivors will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, which means that they will all share the same phenotype and consequently share the same fitness characteristics. This can be caused by earthquakes, war, or even plagues. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that is left might be susceptible to genetic drift.<br /><br />Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from expected values for differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other continues to reproduce.<br /><br />This kind of drift could play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. It is not the only method for evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity in the population.<br /><br />Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process account of drift permits us to differentiate it from the other forces, and this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift is both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, that is determined by population size.<br /><br />Evolution by Lamarckism<br /><br />In high school, students take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is generally referred to as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms via the inheritance of traits that are a result of the natural activities of an organism, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by a picture of a giraffe stretching its neck further to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who then become taller.<br /><br /><a href="https://evolutionkr.kr/">에볼루션 바카라 무료 Evolution</a> , presented an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the traditional thinking about organic transformation. According to him living things evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case, but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject its first broad and comprehensive analysis.<br /><br />The popular narrative is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and both theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists today refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down through generations and instead, it claims that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental elements, like Natural Selection.<br /><br />Although Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea, it was never a major feature in any of their evolutionary theories. This is largely due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.<br /><br />But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics, there is a large body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.<br /><br />Evolution through adaptation<br /><br />One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle to survive. This notion is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for survival is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which can include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.<br /><br />To understand how evolution operates it is important to understand what is adaptation. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce in its environment. It could be a physical structure like fur or feathers. Or it can be a characteristic of behavior such as moving towards shade during the heat, or moving out to avoid the cold at night.<br /><br />The survival of an organism depends on its ability to extract energy from the environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring and be able find sufficient food and resources. The organism must also be able reproduce itself at the rate that is suitable for its particular niche.<br /><br />These elements, in conjunction with gene flow and mutation result in an alteration in the percentage of alleles (different types of a gene) in the population's gene pool. This shift in the frequency of alleles can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually, new species over time.<br /><br />Many of the features we appreciate in plants and animals are adaptations. For example the lungs or gills which draw oxygen from air feathers and fur for insulation long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To comprehend adaptation, it is important to distinguish between behavioral and physiological characteristics.<br /><br />Physiological adaptations, like the thick fur or gills are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, such as the desire to find companions or to retreat to shade in hot weather, aren't. It is important to note that lack of planning does not make an adaptation. A failure to consider the consequences of a decision, even if it appears to be logical, can cause it to be unadaptive.<br /><br />